I am at the Rocky Mountain Mind, Brain and Education conference put on by Research Ed in Denver. These are my raw notes. They may be mixed with my own thoughts, but they will not be in a coherent form until I have a chance to process them later. Also, the 3:30 session will be missing because I am speaking during that session! If you want notes for that, you can got my website, thelearninghawk.com and find them under the Presentation Resources tab.
Keynote: Dr. Jim Heal - Mental Models: Cognitive Keys to Effective Teaching
Book coming out in the spring of next year on this topic.
What do we mean by mental models?
- A cognitive blueprint for how to do something
- What does success at this thing look like
- What you draw upon when making decisions in the moment
Mental models are developed in real time and over time. When a soccer player scans the field (average 150 per game - Messi 680 per game), he is putting together a picture of what the game looks like at that moment.
Teaching is complex - "The only time medicine ever approaches the complexity of an average day for a classroom teacher is an an emergency room during a natural disaster." - Lee Shulman
All techniques can be done at on a spectrum of fidelity. Are you doing retrieval practice in a low resolution way or a high resolution way? Low resolution is just carrying it out. High resolution is knowing what you are doing, but also how and why you are doing it on a deep level.
Schema Theory - a network of interrelated concepts of ideas that we make more robust and useful over time. Example: A four legged creature that is furry and goes woof approaches. Your mind accesses your schema of things that fit into those categories and determine it has more dogginess than other things. Your schema then informs your response. If your schema of dogs includes fear, you will run away. If it includes love, you will pet the dog.
Don't skip from the simple to the complex too quickly.
Students can't build a schema for something if they have no point of reference or background knowledge or if it is presented in a distracting way. There is a difference between understanding the words and understanding what the words mean in a specific context. You have to know enough to access what you need to access. For example: if you didn't grow up watching baseball, it may feel like this. With missing items in your schema, you are reading a redacted document, but because our minds are wired to make meaning, we fill in with guesses about what we think we are seeing. This corrupts the schema for the future.
The less a student knows, the harder it is to acquire more knowledge. The new knowledge MUST fit meaningfully in what you already know.
Chess board study - Three groups of people (Chess masters, quite good chess players, and chess novices) were shown a collection of chess boards in mid game and asked to remember the placement of the pieces. The chess masters were able to remember significantly more than the other two groups. Then, the boards were changed to a random arrangement, not like something that would happen in actual game play. Then, all of the groups remembered the same low amount. In the first scenario, people with more knowledge remembered because they weren't seeing pieces, they were seeing something with meaning. Once it had no meaning, prior knowledge didn't help.
Even the stories we grow up with influence our schema. A scenario was presented about a treasure hunter going into a cave with many branched tunnels who had nothing with him but a flashlight and a bag. Students were asked to predict what was the best way for him to make sure he didn't get lost on the way out. American students correctly answered 75% of the time (vs. 25% of Chinese students) because they had grown up with the story of Hansel and Gretel. When a scenario was presented with a corresponding Chinese fairy tale, the numbers reversed.
How do we expect students to think? Do we expect them to have the parts of the knowledge they need to make meaningful and robust connections? What do we do if they don't? We can change the way a question is asked to reduce the cognitive load required to make meaningful connections (or have them memorize the fundamentals ahead of time).
If you want them to move from their current state to the desired state, you must given them the information so they can guess and check along the way. Otherwise, you aren't teaching; you are giving them a riddle without hope of an answer.
How do we ensure they activate the right kinds of prior knowledge for the content we are teaching? It's not guaranteed in your classroom, which is why you need a sophisticated mental model for teaching.
Rock Climber Model - Prior knowledge is the foot hold. New knowledge is the handhold. Teachers bridge that gap. When climbing, the handhold becomes the new foothold. This is also true in learning.
- Where do I want my students to end up?
- Do this with precision by doing the activities you want them to do and see what is important about it.
- Where are they starting from?
- What can I reliably assume my students already know that is relevant?
- How do I bridge the gap?
- Make analogies or connections from what they already know to your objective. What is the underlying structure you can reveal even if the surface features are different? (Division vs. dealing cards equally). You aren't "meeting them where they are at" by making it cool or fun but by making an actual deep connection between something they know. One is the outward illusion of relevance and the other is connecting new knowledge to prior knowledge.
- How can I avoid pitfalls and slips along the way?
- Make sure your connections are accurate and relevant.
The book will have multiple mental models. The rock climber is just one of them.
Session 1: Andrew Watson - Thinking Creates Learning, The Essentials of Working Memory
Learning happens inside the human mind, so educators have a lot ot learn from those who study mental functions.
"Memory is the residue of thought." - Dan Willingham
You cannot say, "Research says this, and therefore you must . . ." What you can say is "Research found these principles. Use them to inform your decision making about your practice."
Working memory - A temporary system that selects, holds, reorganizes, and combines information from many sources.
Pulling from multiple streams of informations (alphabetizing the days of the week means pulling up the days, the order of the alphabet, and English spellings) requires a lot of working memory just to select and hold before you even get to reorganizing.
Students using working memory ALL of the time. Very few things (only things that are firmly in long term memory with no other demand) don't require it.
Working memory is obvious crucial, but it is also limited and cannot be increased with training (the only thing that makes it bigger is aging from 4 to early 20s). Play Lumosity games for enjoyment, but don't think it will increase your working memory; they were fine for false claims. Teachers must be relentless about managing working memory demands.
Ask questions:
- Can I predict working memory overload before it happens? If so, I can prevent some.
- Can I recognize working memory overload while it happens? If so, I can address it in real time.
Session 2: Helen Reynolds - Three Research-informed Strategies that have been Game-changers in My Classroom
The Big Picture - The Brain and the Landscape
- Talking to students about their brains. Help them to understand learning in a way they can apply.
- Advance organizers - Help students know where they are going. Map out the terrain so the student can see it the way you see it. Hang the "objectives" in the room, but not in the curriculum language - in language that helps them understand why they are doing what they are doing.
Breaking it Down - Explicit Instruction
- Explicit instruction is not lecturing because you are interacting with students and pausing to check for understanding all of the time. Rosenshine and Sweller provide good research on why these work.
- Explicit instruction creates fewer working memory demands than other forms of instruction.
- Whiteboards for brain dumping, turn and talk, teacher organizes what they are producing on the board and asked them to consider why she organized it the way she did.
- Chunking into small steps
- I do/we do/you do guided practice
- Novices are NOT little experts
- Stop to ask questions
Building it Up - Spaced Retrieval Practice
- Retrieval practice - Pulling it out of your brain helps you to "cement it" in your brain.
- Shed Loads of Practice (SLOP)
- Weekly retrieval quizzes - low stakes (either don't grade it all or let them correct it for 100%) with questions that are spaced over time.
Be explicit about what you are doing, why you are doing it that way, what you are thinking while you are doing it.
Panel Discussion - Using the Science of Learning for Equity
First, we have to want to reach every single student. We must design for the students at the margins.
The way you were taught is not necessarily the best way to teach. Find out about the science of learning so you aren't perpetuating errors from the past. (Personal note: That doesn't mean you have to throw out things just because they are traditional. It means do the work to find out why things work so you can choose from old and new thoughtfully.)
Start your lesson plans from the standpoint of those who need the most support rather than adding them on after your "normal" plan.
You have to show up and learn what works. It's a moral imperative.
If you are sharing research, you have to find digestible books and articles. Not every researcher is a writer, and most people aren't trained in interpreting scientific studies. Find authors that people will be wiling to read. (I suggest Daniel Willingham, Andrew Watson, Barbara Oakley, John Almarode, Bradley Busch, and Peps McCrea.)
This should not be an initiative. It should be the heart of what we do.
Invite policy makers into your schools and classrooms. They need to see what works and what doesn't. Amplify the stories of your students. Advocate for what works publicly.
Session 3: Mary Fran Park - Transforming Student Learning - Strategies from the book Making It Stick
You have to be careful what you assume they know. Teach the essential basics at the beginning of the year.
Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning by Brown, Roediger, and McDanil
Illusion of Knowing
- Memorizing, Rereading, highlighting the book, and rewriting notes are ineffective strategies. They lead to the illusion of mastery, but it is a poor example of metacognition.
- Retrieval practice allows them to check their own knowledge and reinforces, moving things from short term to long term memory.
- Turn think, pair, share into write, pair, share. If they start talking right away, they haven't taken time to think.
- Low or no stakes quizzes. Call it something else if it helps, but you must have them retrieve.
- Shuffle your flashcards for spacing and interleaving
- Distribute practice to give time for myelenation.
- IF you don't allow for some forgetting, they won't move it into long term memory.
- One page summaries - Having them translate it into a picture form makes them have to analyze and summarize
Session 4: Paige Jennings - Cognitive Load Theory: What Every Educator Should Know
Dylan William says Cognitive Load Theory is the single most important thing any classroom teacher can understand.
Tapping into the already existing schema (accessing prior knowledge) decereases cognitive load.
Cognitive Load Theory is an information processing model in three parts
- Sensory memory - what we take in
- Working Memory - holding onto what we are paying attention to in the moment
- Long Term Memory - Encode, retrieve to strengthen encoding
When you start to forget, you go through retrieval practice and "interrupt the forgetting."
Recommended Making It Stick
Reduce Extraneous Load - Consider how many other things may be in a student's working memory than just your content. This is extraneous load. It can come from room decorations, hunger, anger, the crush one of your students has on another, or instructions with two many steps.
Intrinsic Load - These are things we can manage, not eliminate. Explicit (direct) instruction puts less demand on working memory. Worked examples, chunking, and graphic organizers can help if used well.
Germane Load - This is the load you want. It is one connects to your learning. It's in your long term memory and giving your working memory a break. Retrieval, spacing, interleaving, elaborative interrogation, and problem solving will help make the content stick.
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